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1994-04-07
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Path: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!hookup!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!gatech!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!nigel.msen.com!brain
From: brain@garnet.msen.com (Jim Brain)
Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm,comp.answers,news.answers
Subject: COMP.SYS.CBM: General FAQ, v2.0 Part 1/2
Followup-To: comp.sys.cbm
Date: 7 Apr 1994 13:43:17 GMT
Organization: Msen, Inc. -- Ann Arbor, Michigan
Lines: 1109
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.EDU
Message-ID: <2o12ll$7sc@nigel.msen.com>
Reply-To: brain@mail.msen.com
NNTP-Posting-Host: garnet.msen.com
Summary: This posting contains answers to questions that commonly surface in
comp.sys.cbm. This posting will tell you enough to get your
computer connected to a network, fixed, and/or enhanced. This file
should be read by new users of comp.sys.cbm before posting to the
group. It should also be proofread by users who are currently
active in comp.sys.cbm.
Keywords: CBM FAQ Help List C64 C128 VIC Modem
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu comp.sys.cbm:11052 comp.answers:4799 news.answers:17757
Archive-name: cbm-main-faq.2.0.p1
Comp-answers-archive-name: commodore/main-faq/part1
News-answers-archive-name: commodore/main-faq/part1
Comp-sys-cbm-archive-name: main-faq/part1
Version: 2.0
Last-modified: 1994/03/21
+ This is the first of two parts of the comp.sys.cbm FAQ. The second part
+ is a continuation of this part, so the reader should get both parts of the
+ FAQ.
+ Disclaimer: This file is being maintained by Jim Brain (brain@msen.com). It
+ is composed of information gleaned from many authors of articles in
+ comp.sys.cbm, too many to list here. All the authors have either directly
+ or indirectly given their consent to use their work in this FAQ.
+ All of the information in this file has been gathered and checked if
+ possible for errors, but I cannot guarantee the correctness of any
+ statement in this file. If in doubt, please bring up the subject in
+ comp.sys.cbm.
+ If you have suggestions, comments, or criticisms, please let Jim Brain
+ know by sending electronic mail to brain@msen.com. Keep in mind that new
+ questions appear on a daily basis, so there is a finite time between a
+ new question appearing in comp.sys.cbm, and its inclusion in this file.
+ The latest version of this file may be obtained from the following ftp
+ sites:
+ ccnga.uwaterloo.ca in /pub/cbm/comp.sys.cbm/cbm-main-faq.2.0
+ ftp.funet.fi in /pub/cbm/faq/cbm-main-faq.2.0.gz
+ ftp.csv.warwick.ac.uk in /tmp/c64/cbm-main-faq.2.0.gz
+ rtfm.mit.edu in /pub/usenet/comp.sys.cbm/main-faq/part*
+ in /pub/usenet/news.answers/commodore/main-faq/part*
+ in /pub/usenet/comp.answers/commodore/main-faq/part*
+ This file is posted to the groups comp.sys.cbm, news.answers, and
+ comp.answers twice every month around the 5th and the 20th of the month.
+ _Notes for this release_:
+ -----------------------
+ this is an all-new FAQ. Some information needs to be verified and revised.
+ Please help me do this.
+ I have added a User Group Address in the Publications section. If you
+ give me enough I might start a User Group FAQ.
+ I have not checked this document for spelling, as time ran out. If you see
+ a word that looks wrong, email it to me.
+ This is the final 2.0 document. Any new changes will be in 2.1
+ -----------------------
+ Lines preceded with a '|" have been modified since the last version of this
+ file was posted. Lines preceded by a '+' have been added since the last
+ version was posted.
+ If readers of this FAQ wish to make changes, please precede formatted lines
+ sent to me with a 'C' so that I can see the changes even if you enclose
+ header and trailer text to show context.
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Table of Contents
+ -----------------
+ 1. Introduction
+ 2. Net Etiquette
+ 2.1. What news groups cater to Commodore 8-bit machines?
+ 2.2. What is a FAQ?
+ 2.3. What types of discussions belong in comp.sys.cbm?
+ 2.4. How do I post in comp.sys.cbm?
+ 3. Overview
+ 3.1. Do people still use Commodore 8-bit machines?
+ 3.2. What do people do with Commodore 8-bit machines?
+ 3.3. What Commodore 8-bit machines are most widely used?
+ 4. Starting Out
+ 4.1. How many Commodore machines are there?
+ 4.2. Which ones does comp.sys.cbm discuss regularly?
+ 4.3. Where do I purchase Commodore Equipment?
+ 4.4. Where do I get equipment serviced?
+ 5. Connecting Up
+ 5.1. How do I connect my computer to the outside world?
+ 5.2. What hardware do I need?
+ 5.3. What kinds of terminal programs exist?
+ 5.4. How do I download? What does transfer protocol mean?
+ 5.5. PETSCII vs. ASCII?
+ 5.6. Where can I find Commodore programs?
+ 5.7. What else is available online?
+ 5.8. What is a file extension, and what do they stand for?
+ 5.9. What are mailing lists and how do I join one?
+ 5.10. Are there other ways to transfer files?
+ 5.11. How do I contact people on Compuserve, Genie, etc.?
+ 6. Publications
+ 6.1. What paper publications are available?
+ 6.2. What is a Disk Magazine? Where do I find them?
+ 6.3. What is an Online Magazine? Where do I find them?
+ 7. Exchanging Data
+ 7.1. Can I read IBM(tm) disks?
+ 7.2. Can my IBM(tm) computer read Commodore disks?
+ 7.3. Are there other ways to exchange data between computers?
+ 8. Operating Systems
+ 8.1. What Operating Systems are available?
+ 8.2. What is GEOS?
+ 8.3. What is UNIX?
+ 8.4. What is CP/M
+ 9. Enhancements
+ 9.1. How do I increase my disk drive's transfer speed?
+ 9.2. How do I expand my disk drive's capacity?
+ 9.3. How do I expand my computer's RAM capacity?
+ 9.4. How do I increase my computer's speed?
+ 9.5. How do I increase my computer screen's resolution?
+ 9.6. How do I increase my computer's serial transfer speed?
+ 9.7. How do I increase my computer's sound quality?
+ 9.8. How do I hook a Hayes(tm) compatible modem to my Commodore computer?
+ 10. Emulators
+ 10.1. What is an emulator?
+ 10.2. What platforms do 64 emulators exist on?
+ 10.3. What platforms do 128 emulators exist on?
+ 10.4. Are any other Commodore computers emulated?
+ 11. Demonstrations
+ 11.1. Just what is a demonstration, or demo?
+ 11.2. What does NTSC and PAL mean?
+ 11.3. Where do I get demos?
+ 11.4. What is a demo competition?
+ 12. Troubleshooting
+ 12.1. What do I do for my ill disk drive?
+ 12.2. What do I do for my ill computer?
+ 12.3. What do I do for my ill keyboard?
+ 13. Miscellaneous
+ 14. Credits
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ 1. Introduction
Welcome to the comp.sys.cbm "Frequently Asked Questions" (FAQ) file.
Many news groups maintain a FAQ file which is posted monthly, and
is a repository for general interest and common information that many
readers of the news group, or new readers of the news group, might be
interested in.
I would like to keep programming information in this FAQ file to a minimum;
otherwise, it could balloon out of control. For those interested in
programming, see Section 6, Publications.
+ 2. Net Etiquette
+ 2.1. What news groups cater to Commodore 8-bit machines?
+ The first thing to discuss here is the dividing line between Commodore
+ models. All Commodore computers up to, but not including, the Commodore
+ Amiga or the Commodore line of IBM PC Compatible computers, are
+ discussed in comp.sys.cbm, which is what this FAQ covers. The Amiga line
+ of computers is covered in the separate newsgroups comp.sys.amiga.*,
+ where the '*' indicates that there are a number of groups that match that
+ name. The IBM PC Compatible computers are discussed in comp.sys.ibm-pc.*.
+ This FAQ is concerned primarily with the newsgroup comp.sys.cbm
+ and its associated binary distribution newsgroup comp.binaries.cbm.
+ If you are in Germany, there are at least two German Commodore newsgroup
+ available. They are zer.z-netz.rechner.c64+c128.allgemein, which appears
+ to be a discussion group much like comp.sys.cbm,
+ zer.z-netz.rechner.c64+c128.binaer, which appears to parallel the function
+ of comp.binaries.cbm, and zer.t-netz.c64, which has the description, 'Der
+ am weitesten verbreitete Rechner'.
+ 2.2. What is a FAQ?
+ FAQ is short for Frequently Asked Questions. Most newsgroups have such a
+ file for the aid of newcomers. During the course of a newsgroups life,
+ some questions begin to be get asked repeatedly. These frequently asked
+ questions are answered in the FAQ, which means that new readers should
+ grab a copy of this file before asking any questions. Experienced readers
+ are encouraged to glance over the FAQ every so often to check for errors
+ and to possibly catch up on details of questions.
+ 2.3. What types of discussions belong in comp.sys.cbm?
+ Obviously, any discussions relating to all Commodore machines prior to the
+ Commodore Amiga line. These machines are commonly referred to a the
+ Commodore 8-bit line, whereas the Amiga line is not 8-bit. Please make
+ sure any question you intend on posting is not already answered in this
+ FAQ. Also, when posting a troubleshooting question about inoperative
+ equipment, please give as much detail as possible. Be considerate of
+ others in the group and keep questions not pertaining to some aspect of
+ Commodore 8-bit machines and peripherals out of comp.sys.cbm. The group
+ does realize, however, that a large percentage of Commodore 8-bit owners
+ also own another computer system and might have questions about
+ interfacing or emulations. Just use your own good judgement.
+ 2.4. How do I post in comp.sys.cbm?
+ You first need to access the newsgroup comp.sys.cbm through the use of
+ newsreader. There are many available in UNIX with names like rn, nn, tin,
+ and trn. I can't begin to tell you what command each uses to construct
+ a posting, but your machine administrator should be able to tell you.
+ All posts should contains relevant Summary and Keyword info, as well as
+ a descriptive title. If you are posting a followup to an existing article,
+ and are quoting the article, please only quote the relevant portions of the
+ existing article.
+ 3. Overview
+ 3.1. Do people still use Commodore 8-bit machines?
+ Yes, people still do. Newer machines may have appeared and taken over the
+ corporate world, but the Commodore 8-bit machines live on.
+ 3.2. What do people do with Commodore 8-bit machines?
+ People use their machines for very different purposes:
+ Game Console.
+ Home Computer.
+ Experimentor's machine.
+ Small Business Computer.
+ No matter what purpose they use them for, they use them because there is a
+ wealth of programs available for the Commodore computer systems. The
+ Commodore line of computers has a seemingly endless supply of quality
+ programs available for it, and more are being created daily.
+ 3.3. What Commodore 8-bit machines are most widely used?
+ Well, it is a fact that all types of Commodore 8-bit computers are still
+ in use, but the following machines get the most use:
+ Commodore 64
+ Commodore 128 and 128D
+ The following systems manufactured by Commodore still have a devout
+ following:
+ Commodore VIC-20
+ Commodore PET series
+ Commodore Plus 4 and 16
+ Commodore C65
+ The Commodore 65 is a recent addition and is the result of a liquidation of
+ some ALPHA stage test machines. A number of people have purchased these
+ test units, and they have a FAQ devoted just to this machine. The C65
+ faq is located in the same directory as this file under the name
+ cbm_c65_faq.2.0. The Commodore 65 FAQ is maintained by George Page and a
+ copy of this file can be obtained from him at gpage@nyx10.cs.du.edu.
+ 4. Starting Out
+ 4.1. How many Commodore machines are there?
+ I am glad you asked! I have compiled a list of all known Commodore
+ computers and peripherals, including the CBM PC Clones and the Amigas,
+ which is much too large to put in this FAQ. You can get it by e-mailing
+ brain@msen.com with the Subject: line of "Commodore Products List", or
+ look for the file called cbmmodel.txt in the same directories as the
+ FAQ is kept.
+ 4.2. Which ones does comp.sys.cbm discuss regularly?
+ Although comp.sys.cbm discusses all Commodore 8-bit machines at times,
+ the C64 and C128 get most of the attention.
+ 4.3. Where do I purchase Commodore Equipment?
+ Commodore no longer manufactures Commodore 8-bit computers in the U.S.A.
+ They may still be made in Europe, but the likelihood is small.
+ Comp.sys.cbm has regular postings from people wanting to sell pieces of
+ Commodore equipment, so your best bet is to ask in the group and then check
+ back for postings.
+ In Germany, there are a number of shops which still sell factory new
+ Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 computers.
+ A number of third parties still support the Commodore 8-bit line. They are
+ listed below with a sampling of their products:
+ Creative Micro Designs, Incorporated. (CMD)
+ 15 Benton Drive
+ P.O. Box 646, Dept. 1192
+ East Longmeadow, MA 01028
+ (800) 638-3263 (Orders only)
+ (413) 525 0023 (Information)
+ CMD Hard Drives, Floppy Drives, GEOS Software, JiffyDOS, RAMLink, Games,
+ SID Symphony, IEEE Flash!, Printer Adaptors, Books, Productivity, MIDI SW.
+ CMD Direkt (CMD Europe)
+ Postfach 58, A-6410
+ Telfs, Austria
+ 0043-5262-66080 (Voice)
+ 0043-5262-64040 (Fascimile)
+ Plus Electronics (CMD Germany)
+ Postfach 100 263, D-30198
+ Seelze, Germany
+ 05137-50477 (Voice)
+ 05137-91376 (Fascimile)
+ Sandinges Import and Data (CMD Sweden)
+ Norsbergvagen 8-B, S-302 30
+ Halmstad, Sweden
+ 351-22164 (Voice)
+ Novo Computers (CMD Australia)
+ P.O. Box 237
+ Mayfield, NSW 2304, Australia
+ 049-602-082 (Voice)
+ Exceldata (CMD Australia)
+ P.O. Box 572
+ Marrickville, NSW, 2204, Australia
+ 02-550-0727 (Voice)
+ 02-558-1884 (Fascimile)
+ Tenex Computer Express
+ 56800 Magnetic Drive
+ Mishawaka, IN 46545
+ (800) 776-6781 (Orders Only)
+ (219) 259-7051 (Product Info and Intl. Orders)
+ (219) 259-0300 (Fascimile Orders and RFQs)
+ (219) 259-7053 (Order Status)
+ (219) 259-5227 (Technical Help)
+ Modems, Monitors, Speakers, Trackballs, Cartridge Expanders, User Port
+ Expanders, Cabling, Joysticks, Disk Drive Cleaning Supplies, Diskettes,
+ Printers, Computer Covers, Power Supplies, Productivity SW, Games.
+ Software Support International
+ 2700 N.E. Andreson Road #A-10
+ Vancouver, WA 98661
+ (800) 356-1179 (Orders Only)
+ (206) 695-9648 (Information)
+ (206) 695-0059 (Fascimile)
+ Miscellaneous Software and Hardware.
+ The Grapevine Group
+ 3 Chestnut Street
+ Suffern, NY 10901
+ (800) 292-7445 (Orders only)
+ (914) 368-4242 (Information)
+ (914) 357-6243 (Fascimile)
+ (914) 343-8463 (BBS)
+ EMAIL C.LEAZOTT1 on Genie or 71562,1706 on Compuserve
+ Miscellaneous Hardware.
+ Software Hut
+ 2534 S Broad Street
+ Philadelphia, PA 19145
+ (800) 848-0079 (Orders only)
+ (215) 462-2268 (Information)
+ (215) 339-5336 (Fascimile)
+ Miscellaneous Software and Hardware.
+ Rio Computers
+ 3310 Berwyck Street
+ Las Vegas, NV 89121
+ (702) 454-0335
+ Video & Audio cartridges plus software
+ SOGWAP Software
+ 115 Bellmont Road
+ Decatur, IN 46733
+ (219) 724-3900
+ Big Blue Reader, and Bible Search Software
+ The FGM Connection
+ P.O. Box 2206
+ Roseburg, OR 97470
+ Fun Graphics Machine Software, printing/ publishing utility
+ MadMan Software
+ The Enterprise Center
+ 1400 E. College Drive
+ Cheyenne, WY 82007-3298
+ Software supplier
+ Horse Feathers Graphics
+ N. 27310 Short Road
+ Deer Park, WA 99006-9712
+ Western Graphics for Print Shop, Professional quality
+ Busy Bee Software
+ P.O. Box 2959
+ Lompoc, CA 93438
+ (800) 736-8184
+ The Write Stuff 64/128 wordprocessing software
+ Quick Brown Box
+ 26 Concord Road
+ Bedford, MA 01730
+ (617) 275-0090
+ Battery Backed Memory cartridges for the C64/128
+ Performance Peripherals, Inc.
+ 5 Upper Loudon Road
+ Loudonville, NY 12211
+ (518) 436-0485
+ Battery Backed Ram expansion units. Cheap.
+ Commodore Country
+ 1420 Country Road 914
+ Burleson, TX 76028
+ (800) 676-6447 (Orders only)
+ (817) 295-7658 (Information)
+ ?
+ Living Proof, Ltd
+ P.O. Box 80714
+ Minneapolis, MN 55408-8714
+ I paint software for the C128
+ The Landmark Series
+ New Horizon Software
+ 2253 N. Kansas Avenue
+ Springfield, MO 65803
+ Geos desktop replacement and other software
+ Antigrav Toolkit
+ P.O. Box 1074
+ Cambridge, MA 02142
+ KeyDOS ROM version 2 for the C128
+ Creative Pixels, Ltd.
+ P.O. Box 592
+ Library, PA 15129
+ ?
+ Micro Storm Software
+ P.O. Box 1086
+ Sidney, MT 59270
+ ?
+ 8-Bit
+ P.O. Box 542
+ Lindenhurst, NY 11757-0542
+ (516) 957-1100
+ ?
+ 4.4. Where do I get equipment serviced?
+ I am drawing a blank here. Some sufficiently small repair shops will
+ service old Commodore equipment, as well as some knowledgeable Commodore
+ users. However, checking around in user groups and such will yield the
+ best answer.
+ Here are a few first places to try.
+ A&M Computer Repair
+ 24 Conklin Drive
+ Stoney Point, NY 10980
+ (800) 344-4102 (Orders)
+ (914) 562-7271 (Information)
+ Fixed repair prices are very low, C64 C128 etc!!
+ TYCOM Inc.
+ 503 East Street
+ Pittsfield, MA 01201
+ (413) 442-9771 (Information)
+ Fast, fixed price all hardware repaired
+ J&C Repair
+ RD #2, Box 9
+ Rockton, PA 15856
+ (814) 583-5996 (Information)
+ (814) 583-5995 (Fascimile)
+ Repair all hardware.
+ Harvey and Associates
+ 1409 Mill Street
+ Laramie, WY 82070
+ (307) 742-3275 (Information)
+ Repairs and service. Inexpensive.
+ Computer Technologies
+ 121 North Ridgewood Avenue, Suite A
+ Datona Beach, FL 32114
+ (800) 237-2835 (Information)
+ Standard C64/128 repairs.
+ Kasara Micro Systems
+ 21-G Airport Road
+ Hilton Head Island, SC 29926
+ (800) 248-2983 (Information)
+ All standard C64/128 repairs.
+ 5. Connecting Up
+ 5.1. How do I connect my computer to the outside world?
+ You need to first define what the "outside world" world means to you. Here
+ are a few examples:
+ Bulletin Board System (BBS). - Small system usually with one phone
+ line operated by an individual. Fees are optional.
+ Compuserve Information Service. - CompuServe has two Forums designed
+ specifically for Commodore 8-bit computer users. CBM Applications
+ Forum (GO CBMAPP) deals with programming, geoProgramming,
+ applications software, telecommunications, CP/M, utilities and
+ hardware. CBM Arts/Games/Music & GEOS Forum (GO CBMART) deals with
+ GEOS in general, music (including SidPlayer and MIDI), games,
+ graphics and graphics utilities. Both Forums have full message
+ boards and extensive data libraries, and both Forums have weekly
+ real-time conferences.
+ The CompuServe network is available virtually world wide. The
+ Commodore Forums are attracting increasing membership from Europe
+ and Australia, and have begun to tap into the vast variety of
+ Commodore files available around the world (some of the best new
+ Commodore programs are coming in from Europe these days). CompuServe
+ has an extensive network of local numbers throughout the United
+ States and Canada and is also available through supplemental
+ networks such as SprintNet and DataPac. The number of direct
+ CompuServe connect numbers in Europe is beginning to expand.
+ While there is no standalone CompuServe navigator program available
+ for Commodore users, CBMAPP has the CIS.EXE script set that
+ automates Dialogue 128 on CompuServe, and also VIDAUT.BIN which will
+ virtually automate Vidtex (which is available again through Software
+ Support International). In addition there is OFFLIN.HLP, a text
+ file in CBMAPP, that provides a method for semi-automating access
+ with any standard comm program and word processor.
+ CompuServe's rates are as follows:
+ * The Standard Pricing Plan (also referred to as Basic Services)
+ provides free unlimited access to a wide variety of news, reference,
+ shopping, games, financial, communications and travel services for a
+ monthly charge of $8.95. New members get their first month of Basic
+ Services free (the $8.95 charge does not begin until their second
+ month of membership). All other access is charged at standard
+ hourly rates.
+ * The Alternative Pricing Plan provides unlimited free access only
+ to Membership Support Services (Customer Service, the Practice Forum,
+ the Help Forum and the support Forums for CompuServe's software) for
+ a monthly fee of $2.50. All other usage is charged at standard
+ hourly rates.
+ Standard Pricing Plan: Alternative Pricing Plan:
+ 300 bps.........$ 6.00/hour 300 bps...........$ 6.30/hour
+ 1200,2400 bps...$ 8.00/hour 1200,2400 bps.....$12.80/hour
+ 9600,14400 bps..$16.00/hour 9600,14400 bps....$22.80/hour
+ While these rates on the face of it appear to be much higher than
+ some of the other competing services, it is important to remember
+ that with CompuServe's threaded message structure it is possible to
+ capture all messages, sign off, read and reply to them off line, and
+ transmit the replies in a very short time, so that one's actual
+ connect time and cost will be minimized. This is not possible on
+ wholly-interactive services.
+ Genie. - GEnie is a general interest telecommunications service
run by General Electric. For a monthly price of $9.00, you are given
4 Hours of Access time and then charged $3/ hour for any service.
The Commodore support area on GEnie is known as the FlagShip
RoundTable. Most of the FlagShip is not a Basic service, although
some introductory and informational information can be read at a
Basic rate, and the C64/C128 specific GEnie front end (Wizard) is
available at Basic rates. The FlagShip RT includes some "Real-Time
Conferences" (RTCs) featuring classes or discussion of issues
associated with Commodore computers. Additionally, there is a BB
(Bulletin Board), which works much like Usenet's comp.sys.cbm (only
the discussion is broken down into categories and topics). Finally,
the FlagShip has an extensive library of Commodore files.
Although not a Basic service, the BB messages can be read
economically by capturing all new messages in a terminal programs
buffer and reading the messages off-line. Wizard, the C= GEnie front
end supports this.
Because GEnie is a general interest service, it supports many
different computers, and you can use any ASCII terminal program to
connect to GEnie. Wizard is available, but not required. GEnie
operates normally at 300, 1200, and 2400 baud, although for
additional cost you can connect at 9600 baud. There are local
access numbers across the country.
+ Delphi Internet Services.
| QuantumLink. - Q-Link is a Commodore specific telecommunications
| service.
+ Internet. - Huge system of interconnected systems. Home of the
+ Usenet newsgroups and all FTP sites.
+ To get to each of these services, you must have a Commodore computer, a disk
+ drive or tape unit, a modem, and a terminal emulation program.
+ 5.2. What hardware do I need?
+ You need a Commodore computer system that is functional.
+ To connect at 2400 bps or lower (4800 bps on the C128 in 128 fast mode),
+ you need either a modem that can plug into the user port of the computer,
+ or a Hayes(tm) compatible modem and a RS-232 to RS-232C interface. The
+ interface can either be made or purchased. See the enhancements section
+ for more information.
+ To connect at speeds greater than 2400(4800) bps, you must either build or
+ purchase a serial port interface. Typical examples are the Swiftlink
+ cartridge from CMD or the DataPump cartridge that can be built. You will
+ also need a Hayes(tm) compatible modem that will work at the speed you
+ desire.
The easiest modems to use are C= standard modems. These modems plug
directly into the user port of your 64/128. The most popular modem from
Commodore is the C= 1670. The 1670 sports a (large and useful) subset of
the Hayes command set, the standard command set expected by most terminal
programs. Most other C= standard modems are 1670 compatible, Hayes
compatible, or both. Standard C= modems can be found as fast as 2400 baud.
You can connect a standard Hayes modem to your 64/128 if you acquire a
RS232 adapter. Such an adapter plugs into your User port, and provides
you with a standard RS232 serial port, into which a standard modem can be
plugged. Peak Peripherals, Omnitronix, and a few others sell such
| adapters. They typically cost from $20 to $40. See 9.8 for details on
+ how to make your own interface.
+ 5.3. What kinds of terminal programs exist?
Popular shareware and freely distributable terminal programs available on
the net include DesTerm128 for the 128, Novaterm for the 64, and Kermit
for both the 64 and 128. Each of these programs include emulations of
popular terminal types (e.g. VT100, ANSI), as well as one or more transfer
protocols. Popular commercial terminal programs include Bob's Term Pro
and Dialogue 128.
+ 5.4. How do I download? What does transfer protocol mean?
Downloading Files via Anonymous FTP
Freely distributable (PD, freeware, shareware) files are available for you
to download at a number of "anonymous ftp" sites on the net. To get files
from these sites, you use (on most systems) a program called ftp. A typical
ftp session (assuming you are running from a Unix system) would be as
follows:
To download software (files) from an anonymous ftp sites, one has to
be cognizant that there are two connections to be concerned about. The
first connection is from your Commodore to you host computer and then
the connection from your host to the ftp site. In addition you need to be
be aware of the nature of the information in the desired file, particularly
if you are downloading programs. If the file is not known to be in
printable ASCII form, consider it a binary file. It may also be be in an
archived form, i.e. a form where it is packed with many files or in a
shortened format. Consider these to be binary unless it is of the "uu"
type which is an ASCII format. ASCII format will download faster as it
does not have to worry about the high bit being set.
SAMPLE SESSION:
%ftp cco.caltech.edu <cco.caltech.edu is site name>
Connected to cco.caltech.edu.
220 punisher FTP server (SunOS 4.1) ready.
Name (cco.caltech.edu:rknop): anonymous <Use "anonymous" for user name>
331 Guest login ok, send ident as password.
Password: <Type your E-mail address here>
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
ftp> cd /pub/rknop/utilities <"cd" changes directory>
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> dir z* <"dir" alone lists whole directory>
200 PORT command successful.
150 ASCII data connection for /bin/ls (131.215.48.57,2084) (0 bytes).
-rw-r--r-- 1 rknop grads 15427 Apr 13 15:42 zed-128.070
-rw-r--r-- 1 rknop grads 14107 Apr 13 15:42 zed-128.doc
226 ASCII Transfer complete.
remote: z*
134 bytes received in 0.44 seconds (0.3 Kbytes/s)
ftp> binary <specifies binary files. IMPORTANT!!>
200 Type set to I.
ftp> get zed-128.070 <requests file zed-128.070>
200 PORT command successful.
150 Binary data connection for zed-128.070 (131.215.48.57,20) (15427 bytes)
226 Binary Transfer complete.
local: zed-128.070 remote: zed-128.070
15427 bytes received in 0.1 seconds (1.5e+02 Kbytes/s)
ftp> quit <quit when you are finished>
221 Goodbye.
%
To submit files to an ftp site, you use the command "put". Again, make sure
to first specify "binary" for programs and other binary files. Typically,
ftp sites will only accept submissions in an "INCOMING" directory.
Mail Servers
If you do not have access to ftp, there are also some "mail servers" that
allow ftp access for only GETTING files from anonymous FTP sites.
Basically, you send mail to ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com, and in the first
message you ever send, the only thing you should say in the body is "help"
on the first line and on another line "quit". They will send you a help
file. From then on out, the mail you send to the mail server will be
requests that you send for information from sites. Ftpmail will send you a
message telling you it got your request, then later on you get your
file/directory in mail, and also a result message of what went on.
All I do then is transfer the files to my work directory, edit out
the headers from the mail, and d/l the file, uudecode it, and
there I have the file I asked for.
Included is a sample mail file I use to get the job done.
As a matter of fact, the output of the actual FTP session is like the
material in the section on anonymous FTP. This process will take some time
as it depends on the amount of requests in the queue. I usually get one
day turnaround, but I have also had bombs since the systems may be down etc.
when the ftpmail server gets around to serving your request. I guess
that's part of life. There are some limitations that apply and you will
be told about them each time you send a request.
The mail file is really a "here" document that I have in a shell script.
If you don't understand what I mean by a shell script/"here" document
all you have to do is type the the lines as shown below without the
information in [] on the command line.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
mail ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com[<<!]
connect ccnga.uwaterloo.ca anonymous brain@msen.com
chdir /pub/cbm/faqs
ls -l
quit
[!] or CNTL-D
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Something you need to know is that the mailserver will split
files into smaller chunks and substitute the file name with "ftp.mail" or
something close to that. You need to watch the sequence when you receive
the parts so you get them in order and you come up with a good name
or extra lines. Experience will teach you.
Other Mail Servers
A couple of people are running servers that will respond to email requests.
Each have a limited amount of files available. To access them send the
following email:
To: yonerjp@brandonu.ca
Subject: mailser
In the body include commands as required. The set of commands is:
help
catalog
psend files (binary files)
send file (text files)
Or another server:
To: duck@pembvax1.pembroke.edu
Subject: MAILSERV
Commands available:
send iss<number>. - send issue of C=Hacking magazine
subscribe - Subscribe to mailing list
catalog - show list of files available
psend name - send uuencoded binary
+ Transfer Protocols
To transfer files from your mainframe (usually Unix or VMS) system to your
64/128, you typically need to use some sort of error-correcting file
transfer protocol. The most popular protocols for the 64/128 are X/YMODEM
and KERMIT. These two protocols are very common, and are available on many
computer systems. Note that the term kermit is used as a terminal emulator
product as well as a file transfer protocol. Indeed, the Kermit terminal
program supports the KERMIT file transfer protocol. Novaterm supports
KERMIT and X/YMODEM.
XMODEM/YMODEM
XMODEM comes in several varieties. Standard XMODEM sends files in 128 byte
packets. There are two standard error-correction methods with XMODEM
checksum and CRC. CRC is the more modern of the two. There is also a
version of XMODEM which supports 1K-byte packets. This version is most
commonly known as XMODEM-1K, but is sometimes erroneously called YMODEM.
YMODEM is a "batch" XMODEM protocol, allowing you to transfer multiple
files in one operation.
ZMODEM
A new file transfer protocol is ZMODEM. There are currently no terminal
programs for the 64/128 that support ZMODEM.
KERMIT
Another file transfer protocol used is Kermit.
It is on the Columbia machine (watsun.cc.columbia.edu) and available by
anonymous ftp. The same package only supports 1200 baud; there used to be
some 2400 baud patches on Milton by whom I don't know. If someone has them,
could they be put on ccnga.uwaterloo.ca?
+ 5.5. PETSCII vs. ASCII?
+ This debate has caused grief for many years. Watch out for it. The
+ Commodore world represents all of its characters in an encoding called
+ PETSCII, but the rest of the world uses the American Standard Code for
+ Information Interchange (ASCII). If your transferring text files,
+ there is a possibility the file could be in ASCII or PETSCII. If you
+ fetch a file and it looks as though the case of the letters is reversed,
+ the the file needs to be converted into PETSCII.
+ 5.6. Where can I find Commodore programs?
+ A number of BBS systems have download areas devoted to the Commodore line
+ of computers. Also, a number of sites on Internet have areas for Commodore
+ files. The list of current Internet FTP sites can be retrieved from the
+ same directory that this file was found and is called cbm_ftpsitesMMYY,
+ where MM is the Month and YY is the year that the list is for. The
+ FTP List is maintained by Howard Herman and a copy of the latest file can be
+ obtained from him at 72560.3467@compuserve.com.
+ 5.7. What else is available online?
+ Well, aside from people, programs, and newsgroups, there are such things
+ as disk magazines, online magazines, mailing lists, and project
+ descriptions for Commodore enthusiasts.
+ 5.8. What is a file extension, and what do they stand for?
+ A file extension is a 3 letter suffix appended to the end of a file name.
+ This extension holds important information about the contents of the file.
+ Most file extensions on Commodore files tell which type of archiving
+ method was used to make the file smaller or place several files into one
+ large file. The list below tells what each extension stands for and what
+ processing the user must do to the file before using it.
Extension: Meaning: Notes:
-----------------------------------------
+ .txt Text File This file is not compressed, so it needs
+ no decompression step. However, the file
+ may be in either ASCII or PETSCII format,
+ so a conversion step may be necessary.
+ Most terminal programs can do this
+ conversion, and there are stand-alone
+ programs that do the necessary conversion
+ also.
.sda Self-Dissolving Just load and run the .sda file to
Archive dissolve the archive. Will dissolve
itself into its constituent files.
C64 and C128 .sda files are not
compatible with each other.
.sfx Self-Extracting Load and run just like a .sda file.
Archive The same archive can be extracted on
either a C64 or a C128, memory permitting.
.arc ARChive Use the program arc250.4 or earlier
for the 64 or arc128 for the 128 to
dissolve the archive. arc128 is available
as part of the CS-DOS package. Other
de-archive programs may exist.
.lzh LHArchive Use the program lhx in CS-DOS on the
128 to dissolve this archive. These
are not very common. This archive
uses the same format as .sfx files,
but is not self-extracting. It is
a standard format also used by
Amiga (and MS-DOS?) computers.
.lnx Lynx Archive The above formats all compress files when
storing them; Lynx just stores them.
There are many different versions of
Lynx out there, so good luck dissolving
these.
.lbr Library Archive A format similar to lynx. Library
dissolving programs exist for both the
64 and 128 to dissolve these.
.uue UUEncoded file UUencoding is a process whereby a binary
file can be converted to an all-text
file, transferable by E-mail. This
encoded file can later be UUDecoded back
to the original binary file. Unix
has uuencoding/decoding utilities.
A program "uuxfer" for the
C64 (by Fuzzy Fox) will both uuencode
and uudecode. Note that the contents of
uue file could be another archived file.
.uua UU archive An extension of uuencoding, a uuarchive
file is a concatenation of one or more
UUEncoded files. So far as I know, this
was introduced by Craig Bruce in his ACE
shell for the C=128, and the utilities
included with that shell create and
dissolve uuarchives.
.kar Kevin's Archive Another text archive format that seems
to have originated with Craig Bruce,
this is a proscription for concatenating
a series of text files (which can include
uuencoded files) into one file. More
information can be found in C. Bruce's
documentation for his ace shell.
| x!<file> ZIPCoded file ZIPCode is a program that takes an entire
| disk and "compacts" it into 4 files that
| have a number followed by a '!' and then
| a filename.
+ x!!<file> ZIPCode 6-pack This is a ZIPCode archive that takse an
+ entire disk and puts it into 6 files,
+ each file containing GCS codes and header
+ info for the tracks. This is basically
+ a nybble copier that stores the data it
+ receives from the disk into files.
+ .bco BCODEd file BCODing is very similar to UUencoding in
+ that a binary file is converted into an
+ all-text format that is 33% larger than
+ the original. The difference is that the
+ BCODE format provides additional
+ information for error detection and
+ automatic data segmentation and
+ reordering. C-code versions of "bcode"
+ and "unbcode" are available via FTP and
+ Commodore versions are provided with
+ ACE-128/64.
+ .zip ZIP archive Zip is a file format used on IBM
+ platforms and is created by the PKZip
+ program that is available for some
+ platforms. There is no available
+ Commodore de-archiver for zip files, so
+ they must be de-archived on another
+ platform.
+ .cvt GEOS file GEOS files use a special file format. The
+ files are called USR files, but they have
+ special information in the file that
+ normal files don't, so you cannot just
+ upload a GEOS file like any SEQ or PRG
+ file. You can pack all the extra
+ information and the data into a regular
+ Commodore SEQ or PRG file with a program
+ Called Convert. It has a version 2.5 and
+ a 3.0. The files that result from this
+ conversion have the extension. The file
+ must be processed again by Convert before
+ it can be used with GEOS.
+ There many programs available to do these conversions. One of the them is
+ called Omega-Q II, which includes one-stop compression and decompression of
+ many of the available types. It has a menu-style system and can do other
+ things as weel, like display or print ASCII files.
+ If you use a host system to download the files from, you may want to
+ decompress the files before downloading. Even though the files will be
+ larger to download, the time to decompress them offline will not be a
+ factor. However, those who pay by-the-minute for download time would
+ probably want the smallest possible file, which implies decompressing on
+ the local machine, except in the case of a UU encoded file. These files
+ are actually bigger in the 'UU' format.
+ 5.9. What are mailing lists and how do I join one?
+ A mailing list is similar to a Usenet newsgroup like comp.sys.cbm, in that
+ it provides a place for people to talk among each other and ask questions.
+ The difference is that the mechanism used is mail. You mail a message off
+ to the list, the message then gets sent out to all members of that list,
+ they read and reply to the list, and the process repeats. It is used for
+ topics that are considered temporary or topics that have a limited scope and
+ may not sustain an entire newsgroup being devoted to them. It may also
+ be used when people want to privately discuss some issue.
+ There are a number of Commodore 8-bit mailing lists for you to join:
+ cbm-unix - This is a list devoted to the discussion of alternate operating
+ systems for the Commodore line that have the familiar UNIX
+ shell look-and-feel. You can join this one by sending mail to
+ mailserv@lists.funet.fi with the message:
+ subscribe cbm-unix Jim Brain <use your own name>
+ review cbm-unix <this will show you who is on the list>
+ help <this will explain how to use the list>
+ you can then send mail to the list by addressing it to:
+ cbm-unix@lists.funet.fi.
+ old-cbm - This is a list devoted to discussions of older Commodore
+ equipment. Typically, this list discusses issues concerning
+ PETs, the VIC-20, Plus 4 and C16, and other lesser used
+ machines. You can join this one by sending mail to
+ mailserv@lists.funet.fi with the message:
+ subscribe old-cbm Jim Brain <use your own name>
+ review old-cbm <this will show you who is on the list>
+ help <this will explain how to use the list>
+ you can then send mail to the list by addressing it to:
+ old-cbm-unix@lists.funet.fi.
+ cbm-hackers - I do not know much about this list other than it is used to
+ discuss issue realting to timing and special opcodes used in
+ Commodore programs. You can join this list by sending mail to
+ mailserv@lists.funet.fi with the message:
+ subscribe cbm-hackers Jim Brain <use your own name>
+ review cbm-hackers <this will show you who is on the list>
+ help <this will explain how to use the list>
+ you can then send mail to the list by addressing it to:
+ cbm-hackers@lists.funet.fi.
+ commodor - This is a list that is for all Commodore 8-bit computer
+ discussion. This list mirrors most of the discussion on
+ comp.sys.cbm, so I would post to both places. You subscribe
+ by sending a mail msg to:
+ listserv@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu with the message:
+ subscribe commodor Jim Brain <use your own name>
+ review commodor <this will show you who is on the list>
+ help <this will explain how to use the list>
+ you can then send mail to the list by addressing it to:
+ commodor@uvbm.cc.buffalo.edu
+ 5.10. Are there other ways to transfer files?
+ It is possible to mail people binary files. To do this, you need access
+ to a program called uuencode. Most, if not all UNIX machines have this
+ command available, and there are versions available for IBM, Amiga, and
+ Macintosh. There is also a version of uuencode available for the
+ Commodore 64 and 128 as part of the ACE 128/64 OS replacement. (See section
+ 8.3) The uuencode program takes a binary file and expands it so that
+ it only contains 7-bit ASCII characters. This resulting file can then be
+ mailed to a recipient, who then uses a similar program called uudecode
+ that will transform the uuencoded file into the resulting binary file.
+ This encoding technique is a standard one used across multiple platforms.
+ If you want to send a file to another Commodore owner, you can use bcode,
+ which is a Commodore-specific encoding available in ACE 128/64.
+ If you are regularly on Internet Relay Chat (IRC), you can send binary
+ files directly to others on IRC by issuing:
+ /dcc send (nickname) (filename)
+ where (nickname) is the nickname of the person you wish to send to, and
+ (filename) is the name of the file, including path if not is current
+ directory.
+ You receive files by typing:
+ /dcc receive (nickname) or
+ /dcc get (filename)
+ 5.11. How do I contact people on Compuserve, Genie, etc.?
+ These online services have gateways to the Internet. To send a message to
+ someone on the following services, make sure they can receive Internet mail
+ and address the message as follows:
+ Service Username Internet Address
+ Compuserve 12345,678 12345.678@compuserve.com
+ Genie j.smith2 j.smith2@genie.geis.com
+ Delphi jsmith jsmith@delphi.com
+ FidoNet is special, since there are many fidonet nodes, so you need the
+ specific node information for the system that the recipient is on. Assume
+ that jim Brain is on a fido BBS that is node 115 on network 233 in zone
+ 1. The address would be:
+ FidoNet Jim Brain Jim_Brain@f115.n233.z1.findonet.org
--
Jim Brain, Embedded Systems Designer, Brain Innovations.
brain@msen.com
Dabbling in VR, Old Commodore Computers, and Good Times!
"The above views DO reflect my employer, since I am my employer" - Jim Brain